PROFESSOR H. BAHER obtained his Ph.D. in Electronic Engineering from University College Dublin and held academic positions at universities worldwide including University College Dublin, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, the Professorship of Electronic Engineering at Dublin City University, and the prestigious Analog Devices Professorship in Massachusetts, USA. He has published four books: Synthesis of Electrical Networks (Wiley, 1984), Selective Linear-phase Switched-capacitor and Digital Filters (Kluwer 1993), Microelectronic Switched-capacitor Filters: with ISICAP: a Computer-aided Design Package (Wiley, 1996), and the highly regarded first edition of the present book. He is a Chartered Engineer in Ireland and the UK and a Fellow of the IEI.

About the Author xvPreface xviiPart I PERSPECTIVE1 Analog, Digital and Mixed-mode Signal Processing 31.1 Digital Signal Processing 31.2 Moore's Law and the "Cleverness" Factor 31.3 System on a Chip 31.4 Analog and Mixed-mode Signal Processing 41.5 Scope 5Part II ANALOG (CONTINUOUS-TIME) AND DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING2 Analog Continuous-time Signals and Systems 92.1 Introduction 92.2 The Fourier Series in Signal Analysis and Function Approximation 92.2.1 Definitions 92.2.2 The Time and Discrete Frequency Domains 102.2.3 Convolution 122.2.4 Parseval's Theorem and Power Spectrum 122.2.5 The Gibbs' Phenomenon 122.2.6 Window Functions 132.3 The Fourier Transformation and Generalized Signals 142.3.1 Definitions and Properties 142.3.2 Parseval's Theorem and Energy Spectra 162.3.3 Correlation Functions 172.3.4 The Unit Impulse and Generalized Signals 172.3.5 The Impulse Response and System Function 182.3.6 Periodic Signals 192.3.7 The Uncertainty Principle 192.4 The Laplace Transform and Analog Systems 192.4.1 The Complex Frequency 192.4.2 Properties of the Laplace Transform 212.4.3 The System Function 222.5 Elementary Signal Processing Building Blocks 242.5.1 Realization of the Elementary Building Blocks using Operational Amplifier Circuits 242.6 Realization of Analog System Functions 292.6.1 General Principles and the Use of Op Amp Circuits 292.6.2 Realization Using OTAs and Gm - C Circuits 322.7 Conclusion 34Problems 343 Design of Analog Filters 393.1 Introduction 393.2 Ideal Filters 393.3 Amplitude-oriented Design 433.3.1 Maximally Flat Response in both Pass-band and Stop-band 443.3.2 Chebyshev Response 463.3.3 Elliptic Function Response 483.4 Frequency Transformations 493.4.1 Low-pass to Low-pass Transformation 503.4.2 Low-pass to High-pass Transformation 503.4.3 Low-pass to Band-pass Transformation 503.4.4 Low-pass to Band-stop Transformation 513.5 Examples 523.6 Phase-oriented Design 543.6.1 Phase and Delay Functions 543.6.2 Maximally Flat Delay Response 563.7 Passive Filters 583.8 Active Filters 593.9 Use of MATLAB(r) for the Design of Analog Filters 623.9.1 Butterworth Filters 623.9.2 Chebyshev Filters 633.9.3 Elliptic Filters 633.9.4 Bessel Filters 643.10 Examples of the use of MATLAB(r) 653.11 A Comprehensive Application: Pulse Shaping for Data Transmission 673.12 Conclusion 70Problems 724 Discrete Signals and Systems 754.1 Introduction 754.2 Digitization of Analog Signals 754.2.1 Sampling 764.2.2 Quantization and Encoding 844.3 Discrete Signals and Systems 854.4 Digital Filters 874.5 Conclusion 92Problems 935 Design of Digital Filters 955.1 Introduction 955.2 General Considerations 955.3 Amplitude-oriented Design of IIR Filters 985.3.1 Low-pass Filters 985.3.2 High-pass Filters 1055.3.3 Band-pass Filters 1075.3.4 Band-stop Filters 1085.4 Phase-oriented Design of IIR Filters 1085.4.1 General Considerations 1085.4.2 Maximally Flat Group-delay Response 1095.5 FIR Filters 1115.5.1 The Exact Linear Phase Property 1115.5.2 Fourier-coefficient Filter Design 1185.5.3 Monotonic Amplitude Response with the Optimum Number of Constraints 1285.5.4 Optimum Equiripple Response in both Passband and Stopband 1285.6 Comparison Between IIR and FIR Filters 1335.7 Use of MATLAB(r) for the Design of Digital Filters 1335.7.1 Butterworth IIR Filters 1345.7.2 Chebyshev IIR Filters 1365.7.3 Elliptic IIR Filters 1385.7.4 Realization of the Filter 1405.7.5 Linear Phase FIR Filters 1405.8 A Comprehensive Application: Pulse Shaping for Data Transmission 1425.8.1 Optimal Design 1425.8.2 Use of MATLAB(r) for the Design of Data Transmission Filters 1445.9 Conclusion 146Problems 1466 The Fast Fourier Transform and its Applications 1496.1 Introduction 1496.2 Periodic Signals 1506.3 Non-periodic Signals 1536.4 The Discrete Fourier Transform 1576.5 The Fast Fourier Transform Algorithms 1606.5.1 Decimation-in-time Fast Fourier Transform 1616.5.2 Decimation-in-frequency Fast Fourier Transform 1666.5.3 Radix 4 Fast Fourier Transform 1686.6 Properties of the Discrete Fourier Transform 1706.6.1 Linearity 1706.6.2 Circular Convolution 1706.6.3 Shifting 1716.6.4 Symmetry and Conjugate Pairs 1726.6.5 Parseval's Relation and Power Spectrum 1736.6.6 Circular Correlation 1746.6.7 Relation to the z -transform 1756.7 Spectral Analysis Using the FFT 1766.7.1 Evaluation of the Fourier Integral 1766.7.2 Evaluation of the Fourier Coefficients 1786.8 Spectral Windows 1806.8.1 Continuous-time Signals 1806.8.2 Discrete-time Signals 1846.9 Fast Convolution, Filtering and Correlation Using the FFT 1846.9.1 Circular (Periodic) Convolution 1846.9.2 Non-periodic Convolution 1856.9.3 Filtering and Sectioned Convolution 1856.9.4 Fast Correlation 1886.10 Use of MATLAB(r) 1906.11 Conclusion 190Problems 1907 Stochastic Signals and Power Spectra 1937.1 Introduction 1937.2 Random Variables 1937.2.1 Probability Distribution Function 1937.2.2 Probability Density Function 1947.2.3 Joint Distributions 1957.2.4 Statistical Parameters 1957.3 Analog Stochastic Processes 1987.3.1 Statistics of Stochastic Processes 1987.3.2 Stationary Processes 2007.3.3 Time Averages 2017.3.4 Ergodicity 2017.3.5 Power Spectra of Stochastic Signals 2037.3.6 Signals through Linear Systems 2077.4 Discrete-time Stochastic Processes 2097.4.1 Statistical Parameters 2097.4.2 Stationary Processes 2097.5 Power Spectrum Estimation 2137.5.1 Continuous-time Signals 2137.5.2 Discrete-time Signals 2167.6 Conclusion 217Problems 2178 Finite Word-length Effects in Digital Signal Processors 2198.1 Introduction 2198.2 Input Signal Quantization Errors 2218.3 Coefficient Quantization Effects 2258.4 Effect of Round-off Accumulation 2278.4.1 Round-off Accumulation without Coefficient Quantization 2288.4.2 Round-off Accumulation with Coefficient Quantization 2358.5 Auto-oscillations: Overflow and Limit Cycles 2388.5.1 Overflow Oscillations 2388.5.2 Limit Cycles and the Dead-band Effect 2418.6 Conclusion 244Problems 2449 Linear Estimation, System Modelling and Adaptive Filters 2459.1 Introduction 2459.2 Mean-square Approximation 2459.2.1 Analog Signals 2459.2.2 Discrete Signals 2479.3 Linear Estimation, Modelling and Optimum Filters 2489.4 Optimum Minimum Mean-square Error Analog Estimation 2509.4.1 Smoothing by Non-causal Wiener Filters 2509.4.2 Causal Wiener Filters 2539.5 The Matched Filter 2539.6 Discrete-time Linear Estimation 2559.6.1 Non-recursive Wiener Filtering 2569.6.2 Adaptive Filtering Using the Minimum Mean Square Error Gradient Algorithm 2609.6.3 The Least Mean Square Error Gradient Algorithm 2639.7 Adaptive IIR Filtering and System Modelling 2639.8 An Application of Adaptive Filters: Echo Cancellers for Satellite Transmission of Speech Signals 2669.9 Conclusion 267Part III ANALOG MOS INTEGRATED CIRCUITS FOR SIGNAL PROCESSING10 MOS Transistor Operation and Integrated Circuit Fabrication 27110.1 Introduction 27110.2 The MOS Transistor 27110.2.1 Operation 27210.2.2 The Transconductance 27610.2.3 Channel Length Modulation 27810.2.4 PMOS Transistors and CMOS Circuits 27910.2.5 The Depletion-type MOSFET 28010.3 Integrated Circuit Fabrication 28010.3.1 Wafer Preparation 28110.3.2 Diffusion and Ion Implantation 28110.3.3 Oxidation 28310.3.4 Photolithography 28510.3.5 Chemical Vapour Deposition 28610.3.6 Metallization 28710.3.7 MOSFET Processing Steps 28710.4 Layout and Area Considerations for IC MOSFETs 28810.5 Noise In MOSFETs 29010.5.1 Shot Noise 29010.5.2 Thermal Noise 29010.5.3 Flicker (1/f) Noise 29010.5.4 Modelling of Noise 290Problems 29111 Basic Integrated Circuits Building Blocks 29311.1 Introduction 29311.2 MOS Active Resistors and Load Devices 29311.3 MOS Amplifiers 29511.3.1 NMOS Amplifier with Enhancement Load 29511.3.2 Effect of the Substrate 29611.3.3 NMOS Amplifier with Depletion Load 29711.3.4 The Source Follower 29811.4 High Frequency Considerations 30011.4.1 Parasitic Capacitances 30011.4.2 The Cascode Amplifier 30311.5 The Current Mirror 30411.6 The CMOS Amplifier 30511.7 Conclusion 308Problems 30812 Two-stage CMOS Operational Amplifiers 31112.1 Introduction 31112.2 Op Amp Performance Parameters 31112.3 Feedback Amplifier Fundamentals 31412.4 The CMOS Differential Amplifier 31612.5 The Two-stage CMOS Op Amp 32112.5.1 The dc Voltage Gain 32212.5.2 The Frequency Response 32212.5.3 The Nulling Resistor 32312.5.4 The Slew Rate and Settling Time 32512.5.5 The Input Common-mode Range and CMRR 32512.5.6 Summary of the Two-stage CMOS Op Amp Design Calculations 32712.6 A Complete Design Example 32912.7 Practical Considerations and Other Non-ideal Effects in Operational Amplifier Design 33212.7.1 Power Supply Rejection 33212.7.2 dc Offset Voltage 33212.7.3 Noise Performance 33212.8 Conclusion 334Problems 33413 High Performance CMOS Operational Amplifiers and Operational Transconductance Amplifiers 33713.1 Introduction 33713.2 Cascode CMOS Op Amps 33713.3 The Folded Cascode Op Amp 33813.4 Low-noise Operational Amplifiers 34013.4.1 Low-noise Design by Control of Device Geometries 34013.4.2 Noise Reduction by Correlated Double Sampling 34213.4.3 Chopper-stabilized Operational Amplifiers 34213.5 High-frequency Operational Amplifiers 34413.5.1 Settling Time Considerations 34513.6 Fully Differential Balanced Topology 34613.7 Operational Transconductance Amplifiers 35313.8 Conclusion 353Problems 35414 Capacitors, Switches and the Occasional Passive Resistor 35714.1 Introduction 35714.2 MOS Capacitors 35714.2.1 Capacitor Structures 35714.2.2 Parasitic Capacitances 35814.2.3 Capacitor-ratio Errors 35814.3 The MOS Switch 36214.3.1 A Simple Switch 36214.3.2 Clock Feed-through 36214.3.3 The CMOS Switch: Transmission Gate 36414.4 MOS Passive Resistors 36614.5 Conclusion 366Part IV SWITCHED-CAPACITOR AND MIXED-MODE SIGNAL PROCESSING15 Design of Microelectronic Switched-capacitor Filters 36915.1 Introduction 36915.2 Sampled and Held Signals 37115.3 Amplitude-oriented Filters of the Lossless Discrete Integrator Type 37415.3.1 The State-variable Ladder Filter 37415.3.2 Strays-insensitive LDI Ladders 38115.3.3 An Approximate Design Technique 38415.4 Filters Derived from Passive Lumped Prototypes 38815.5 Cascade Design 39615.6 Applications in Telecommunications: Speech Codecs and Data Modems 39915.6.1 CODECs 39915.6.2 Data Modems 39915.7 Conclusion 400Problems 40016 Non-ideal Effects and Practical Considerations in Microelectronic Switched-capacitor Filters 40316.1 Introduction 40316.2 Effect of Finite Op Amp Gain 40316.3 Effect of Finite Bandwidth and Slew Rate of Op Amps 40516.4 Effect of Finite Op Amp Output Resistance 40516.5 Scaling for Maximum Dynamic Range 40516.6 Scaling for Minimum Capacitance 40716.7 Fully Differential Balanced Designs 40716.8 More on Parasitic Capacitances and Switch Noise 41016.9 Pre-filtering and Post-filtering Requirements 41216.10 Programmable Filters 41316.11 Layout Considerations 41516.12 Conclusion 41617 Integrated Sigma-Delta Data Converters: Extension and Comprehensive Application of Analog and Digital Signal Processing 41717.1 Motivation and General Considerations 41717.2 The First-order Converter 41917.3 The Second-order Converter 42317.4 Decimation and Digital Filtering 42617.4.1 Principles 42617.4.2 Decimator Structures 42917.5 Simulation and Performance Evaluation 43317.6 A Case Study: Fourth-order Converter 43517.7 Conclusion 438Answers to Selected Problems 439References 445Index 447

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This book provides a balanced account of analog, digital and mixed-mode signal processing with applications in telecommunications. Part I Perspective gives an overview of the areas of Systems on a Chip (Soc) and mobile communication which are used to demonstrate the complementary relationship between analog and digital systems. Part II Analog (continuous-time) and Digital Signal Processing contains both fundamental and advanced analysis, and design techniques, of analog and digital systems. This includes analog and digital filter design; fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithms; stochastic signals; linear estimation and adaptive filters. Part III Analog MOS Integrated Circuits for Signal Processing covers basic MOS transistor operation and fabrication through to the design of complex integrated circuits such as high performance Op Amps, Operational Transconductance Amplifiers (OTA's) and Gm-C circuits. Part IV Switched-capacitor and Mixed-mode Signal Processing outlines the design of switched-capacitor filters, and concludes with sigma-delta data converters as an extensive application of analog and digital signal processingbackup out PBE_20210409_180616.xml PKN_20210409_180616.xml PVA_20210409_180616.xml work Contains the fundamentals and advanced techniques of continuous-time and discrete-time signal processing.backup out PBE_20210409_180616.xml PKN_20210409_180616.xml PVA_20210409_180616.xml work Presents in detail the design of analog MOS integrated circuits for signal processing, with application to the design of switched-capacitor filters.backup out PBE_20210409_180616.xml PKN_20210409_180616.xml PVA_20210409_180616.xml work Uses the comprehensive design of integrated sigma-delta data converters to illustrate and unify the techniques of signal processing.backup out PBE_20210409_180616.xml PKN_20210409_180616.xml PVA_20210409_180616.xml work Includes solved examples, end of chapter problems and MATLAB(r) throughout the book, to help readers understand the mathematical complexities of signal processing.The treatment of the topic is at the senior undergraduate to graduate and professional levels, with sufficient introductory material for the book to be used as a self-contained reference.