Starting from fundamentals and moving through a thorough discussion of equipment, methods, and techniques, the Handbook of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy provides a unique reference source that will be of value for many years to come for this important new analysis method. The authors, with a total of over 60 years of experience in the LIBS method, use a combination of tutorial discussions ranging from basic principles up to more advanced descriptions along with extensive figures and photographs to clearly explain topics addressed in the text. In this second edition, chapters on the use of statistical analysis and advances in detection of weapons of mass destruction have been added. Tables of data related to analysis with LIBS have been updated. The Handbook of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, Second Edition: provides a thorough but understandable discussion of the basic principles of the method based on atomic emission spectroscopy, including recently available data leading to better characterization of the LIBS plasma; presents a discussion of the many advantages of the method along with limitations, to provide the reader a balanced overview of capabilities of the method; describes LIBS instrumentation ranging from basic set-ups to more advanced configurations; presents a comprehensive discussion of the different types of components (laser, spectrometers, detectors) that can be used for LIBS apparatuses along with suggestions for their use, as well as an up-to-date treatment of the newest advances and capabilities of LIBS instruments; presents the analytical capabilities of the method in terms of detection limits, accuracy, and precision of measurements for a variety of different sample types; discusses methods of sampling different media such as gases, liquids, and solids; presents an overview of some real-world applications of the method, with new emphasis on sampling of biologically and physically dangerous materials; provides an up-to-date list of references to LIBS literature along with the latest detection limits and a unique list of element detection limits using a uniform analysis method; provides annotated examples of LIBS spectra which can serve as references for the general reader and will be especially useful for those starting out in the field.

Starting from fundamentals and moving through a thoroughdiscussion of equipment, methods, and techniques, the Handbookof Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy provides a uniquereference source that will be of value for many years to come forthis important new analysis method. The authors, with a totalof over 60 years of experience in the LIBS method, use acombination of tutorial discussions ranging from basic principlesup to more advanced descriptions along with extensive figures andphotographs to clearly explain topics addressed in the text. Inthis second edition, chapters on the use of statistical analysisand advances in detection of weapons of mass destruction have beenadded. Tables of data related to analysis with LIBS have beenupdated.The Handbook of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, SecondEdition:* provides a thorough but understandable discussion of the basicprinciples of the method based on atomic emission spectroscopyincluding recently available data leading to bettercharacterization of the LIBS plasma;* presents a discussion of the many advantages of the methodalong with limitations, to provide the reader a balanced overviewof capabilities of the method;* describes LIBS instrumentation ranging from basic set-ups tomore advanced configurations;* presents a comprehensive discussion of the different types ofcomponents (laser, spectrometers, detectors) that can be used forLIBS apparatuses along with suggestions for their use, as well asan up-to-date treatment of the newest advances and capabilities ofLIBS instruments;* presents the analytical capabilities of the method in terms ofdetection limits, accuracy, and precision of measurements for avariety of different sample types;* discusses methods of sampling different media such as gasesliquids, and solids;* presents an overview of some real-world applications of themethod, with new emphasis on sampling of biologically andphysically dangerous materials;* provides an up-to-date list of references to LIBS literaturealong with the latest detection limits and a unique list of elementdetection limits using a uniform analysis method;* provides annotated examples of LIBS spectra which can serve asreferences for the general reader and will be especially useful forthose starting out in the field.

Preface xiAcronyms, Constants, and Symbols xv1 Introduction 11.1 Atomic Optical Emission Spectrochemistry (OES) 11.2 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) 21.3 LIBS History 1960-1980 71.4 LIBS History 1981-1990 91.5 LIBS History 1991-2000 111.6 LIBS History 2001-2012 14References 182 Basics of the LIBS Plasma 292.1 LIBS Plasma Fundamentals 292.2 Laser-Induced Breakdown 462.3 Laser Ablation from Surfaces and Aerosols 532.4 Nanosecond and Femtosecond Double- or Multiple-Pulse LIBS582.5 Summary 632.6 Problems 63References 643 LIBS Apparatus Fundamentals 693.1 Basic LIBS Apparatus 693.2 Lasers 703.3 Optical Systems 803.4 Methods of Spectral Resolution 863.5 Detectors 1023.6 Detection System Calibrations 1093.7 Timing Considerations 1143.8 Methods of LIBS Deployment 1153.9 Problems 117References 1184 LIBS Analytical Figures of Merit and Calibration1234.1 Introduction 1234.2 Basics of a LIBS Measurement 1234.3 Precision 1294.4 Calibration 1314.5 Detection Limit 1444.6 Accuracy 1444.7 Problems 146References 148References for Detection Limits 1505 Qualitative LIBS Analysis 1515.1 Introduction 1515.2 Identifying Elements 1515.3 Material Identification 1565.4 Process Monitoring 1595.5 Material Sorting/Distinguishing 1695.6 Site Screening Using LIBS 1775.7 Semiquantitative Analysis 1785.8 Problems 180References 1826 Quantitative LIBS Analysis 1856.1 Introduction 1856.2 Effects of Sampling Geometry 1856.3 Other Sampling Considerations 1896.4 Incomplete Vaporization and Ablation Stoichiometry 1936.5 Use of Internal Standardization 1946.6 Chemical Matrix Effects 1966.7 Example of LIBS Measurement: Impurities inLithium-Containing Solutions 1986.8 Example of LIBS Measurement: Detection of Materials onSwipes 2066.9 Reported Figures of Merit for LIBS Measurements andComparison with Standard Methods 2116.10 Enhancing Quantitative Analysis via Sophisticated SignalProcessing 2196.11 Conclusions 220References 2217 Chemometric Analysis in LIBS 2237.1 Introduction 2237.2 Chemometric Terms 2277.3 Chemometric Analysis/Model Development 2327.4 Summary 241References 2418 Remote LIBS Measurements 2578.1 Introduction 2578.2 Conventional Open-Path LIBS 2598.3 Standoff LIBS Using Femtosecond Pulses 2708.4 Fiber Optic LIBS 276References 2849 Selected LIBS Applications 2899.1 Introduction 2899.2 LIBS and the CBRNE Threats 2899.3 LIBS Analysis of Liquids and Solids in Liquids 2979.4 Transportable LIBS Instrument for Stand-off Analysis 3039.5 LIBS for Space Applications 313References 325A Safety Considerations in LIBS 333B Major LIBS References 337C Detection Limits from the Literature 341D Examples of LIBS Spectra 377E Solutions to Problems 387Index 397