Extractive metallurgy is the art and science of extracting metals from their ores and refining them. The production of metals and alloys from these source materials is still one of the most important and fundamental industries in both developed and developing economies around the world. The outputs and products are essential resources for the metallic, mechanical, electromagnetic, electrical and electronics industries (silicon is treated as a metal for these purposes). This series is devoted to the extraction of metals from ores, concentrates (enriched ores), scraps, and other sources and their refining to the state of either liquid metal before casting or to solid metals. The extraction and refining operations that are required may be carried out by various metallurgical reaction processes. Extractive Metallurgy 1 deals with the fundamentals of thermodynamics and kinetics of the reaction processes. Extractive Metallurgy 2 focuses on pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, halide and electro-metallurgical (conversion) processes. Extractive Metallurgy 3 deals with the industrial processing operations, technologies, and process routes, in other words the sequence of steps or operations used to convert the ore to metal. Processes and operations are studied using the methodology of "e;chemical reaction engineering"e;. As the fundamentals of the art and science of Extractive Metallurgy are infrequently taught as dedicated university or engineering schools courses, this series is intended both for students in the fields of Metallurgy and Mechanical Engineering who want to acquire this knowledge, and also for engineers put in charge of the operation of an industrial production unit or the development of a new process, who will need the basic knowledge of the corresponding technology.

Extractive metallurgy is the art and science of extracting metals from their ores and refining them. The production of metals and alloys from these source materials is still one of the most important and fundamental industries in both developed and developing economies around the world. The outputs and products are essential resources for the metallic, mechanical, electromagnetic, electrical and electronics industries (silicon is treated as a metal for these purposes).This series is devoted to the extraction of metals from ores, concentrates (enriched ores), scraps, and other sources and their refining to the state of either liquid metal before casting or to solid metals. The extraction and refining operations that are required may be carried out by various metallurgical reaction processes.Extractive Metallurgy 1 deals with the fundamentals of thermodynamics and kinetics of the reaction processes. Extractive Metallurgy 2 focuses on pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, halide and electro-metallurgical (conversion) processes. Extractive Metallurgy 3 deals with the industrial processing operations, technologies, and process routes, in other words the sequence of steps or operations used to convert the ore to metal. Processes and operations are studied using the methodology of "chemical reaction engineering".As the fundamentals of the art and science of Extractive Metallurgy are infrequently taught as dedicated university or engineering schools courses, this series is intended both for students in the fields of Metallurgy and Mechanical Engineering who want to acquire this knowledge, and also for engineers put in charge of the operation of an industrial production unit or the development of a new process, who will need the basic knowledge of the corresponding technology.

Preface xiChapter 1. Hydrometallurgical Extraction Processes 11.1. Overview of hydrometallurgical processes 11.2. Leaching processes 21.3. Precipitation processes 391.4. Solvent extraction 551.5. Hydrometallurgical processing routes of ores, concentratesand residue (flowsheets) 621.6. Bibliography 81Chapter 2. Electrometallurgical Extraction Processes872.1. Overview of electrometallurgical processes 872.2. Electrolysis -?nbases 882.3. Aqueous electrolysis: bases 982.4. Electrowinning of copper 1032.5. Electrowinning of nickel 1082.6. Electrowinning of zinc 1112.7. Electrorefining of lead 1142.8. Electrorefining of tin 1152.9. Cobalt electrowinning 1152.10. Bibliography 115Chapter 3. Halide Extraction Processes 1173.1. Overview of the halide extraction processes 1173.2. Chlorination processes 1183.3. Reduction of halides 1323.4. Bibliography 137Chapter 4. Reduction of Metal Oxides 1394.1. Introduction 1394.2. Solid state oxide reduction by a gaseous reducing agent1484.3. Solid-state carbothermic reduction 1684.4. Carbothermic smelting reduction 1834.5. Smelting reduction by slag-metal reactions 1954.6. Carbothermic reduction of silica and alumina 2034.7. Metallothermic reductions 2124.8. Bibliography 216Chapter 5. Oxygen Steelmaking 2215.1. Overview of steel converting and refining operations2215.2. Converting and refining reactions 2225.3. Oxidation of hot metal elements by gaseous oxygen 2265.4. "Slag-metal" reactions 2325.5. Stainless steel making 2455.6. Ultra-low carbon steel making 2495.7. Bibliography 252Chapter 6. Sulfide Extraction Processes 2556.1. Introduction 2556.2. Oxidation of sulfides (in the solid state) 2586.3. Matte oxidation by gaseous oxygen 2696.4. Reactions occurring in smelting and converting operations2746.5. Smelting reduction of a roasted concentrate and primaryconverting 2846.6. Secondary converting of Cu2S, Ni3S2 and PbS mattes 2856.7. Bibliography 291Chapter 7. Metal Refining Processes 2957.1. Introduction 2957.2. Steel refining/secondary steelmaking 2967.3. Aluminum refining 3107.4. Copper refining 3137.5. Lead refining 3157.6. Tin refining 3187.7. Zinc refining 3187.8. Titanium and zirconium refining 3197.9. Nickel refining 3197.10. Bibliography 321List of Symbols 325Index 337Summary of Other Volumes 349