Extractive metallurgy is the art and science of extracting metals from their ores and refining them. The production of metals and alloys from these source materials is still one of the most important and fundamental industries in both developed and developing economies around the world. The outputs and products are essential resources for the metallic, mechanical, electromagnetic, electrical and electronics industries (silicon is treated as a metal for these purposes). This series is devoted to the extraction of metals from ores, concentrates (enriched ores), scraps, and other sources and their refining to the state of either liquid metal before casting or to solid metals. The extraction and refining operations that are required may be carried out by various metallurgical reaction processes. Extractive Metallurgy 1 deals with the fundamentals of thermodynamics and kinetics of the reaction processes. Extractive Metallurgy 2 focuses on pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, halide and electro-metallurgical (conversion) processes. Extractive Metallurgy 3 deals with the industrial processing operations, technologies, and process routes, in other words the sequence of steps or operations used to convert the ore to metal. Processes and operations are studied using the methodology of chemical reaction engineering . As the fundamentals of the art and science of Extractive Metallurgy are infrequently taught as dedicated university or engineering schools courses, this series is intended both for students in the fields of Metallurgy and Mechanical Engineering who want to acquire this knowledge, and also for engineers put in charge of the operation of an industrial production unit or the development of a new process, who will need the basic knowledge of the corresponding technology.

Extractive metallurgy is the art and science of extracting metalsfrom their ores and refining them. The production of metals andalloys from these source materials is still one of the mostimportant and fundamental industries in both developed anddeveloping economies around the world. The outputs and products areessential resources for the metallic, mechanical, electromagneticelectrical and electronics industries (silicon is treated as ametal for these purposes).This series is devoted to the extraction of metals from oresconcentrates (enriched ores), scraps, and other sources and theirrefining to the state of either liquid metal before casting or tosolid metals. The extraction and refining operations that arerequired may be carried out by various metallurgical reactionprocesses.Extractive Metallurgy 1 deals with the fundamentals ofthermodynamics and kinetics of the reaction processes. ExtractiveMetallurgy 2 focuses on pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgicalhalide and electro-metallurgical (conversion) processes. ExtractiveMetallurgy 3 deals with the industrial processing operationstechnologies, and process routes, in other words the sequence ofsteps or operations used to convert the ore to metal. Processes andoperations are studied using the methodology of "chemicalreaction engineering".As the fundamentals of the art and science of ExtractiveMetallurgy are infrequently taught as dedicated university orengineering schools courses, this series is intended both forstudents in the fields of Metallurgy and Mechanical Engineering whowant to acquire this knowledge, and also for engineers put incharge of the operation of an industrial production unit or thedevelopment of a new process, who will need the basic knowledge ofthe corresponding technology.

Preface xiChapter 1. Physical Extraction Operations 11.1. Solid-solid and solid-fluid separation operations 11.2. Separation operations of the components of a fluid phase51.3. Bibliography 12Chapter 2. Hydrometallurgical Operations 152.1. Leaching and precipitation operations 152.2. Reactor models based on particle residence timedistribution functions 242.3. Reactor models based on the population balance equationmodel 302.4. Solvent extraction operations 342.5. Bibliography 43Chapter 3. Gas-solid and Solid-solid Reactors and ParticleConversion Operations 453.1. Overall presentation of gas-solid and solid-solid reactors453.2. Gas-solid reactor hydrodynamic behavior and heat transferbetween phases 473.3. The performance equations of gas-solid packed-bed reactors553.4. The performance equations of fluidized-bed reactors 653.5. Solid-solid reactors 733.6. Bibliography 77Chapter 4. Blast Furnaces 794.1. Overview of blast furnaces 794.2. Iron blast furnace 814.3. Ferromanganese blast furnace 1094.4. Zinc blast furnace: the Imperial smelting furnace 1144.5. Lead blast furnace 1204.6. Bibliography 122Chapter 5. Smelting Reduction Operations 1255.1. Overview of smelting reduction operations 1255.2. Production of (iron) "hot metal" bycarbothermic smelting reduction 1265.3. Tin and zinc smelting reduction operations 1395.4. Magnetherm process 1465.5. Bibliography 148Chapter 6. Steelmaking Operations 1516.1. Overview of steelmaking operations 1516.2. Hot metal pretreatment operations 1536.3. The hot metal converting operation 1546.4. Stainless steelmaking operations 1746.5. Ultra-low carbon steel-making operation 1796.6. Bibliography 183Chapter 7. Sulfide and Matte Smelting and ConvertingOperations 1857.1. Overview of the operations and processes 1857.2. Flash-smelting operations and processes 1887.3. In-bath smelting and converting operations in bottom-blownconverters 1957.4. In-bath smelting and converting operations in top-blownconverters 2037.5. Top-submerged lance (TSL) blown converters:Ausmelt/Isasmelt process 2087.6. Bibliography 213Chapter 8. Electric Melting and Smelting Furnaces 2178.1. Introduction 2178.2. Performance of electric furnaces 2208.3. Electric arc melting furnaces 2358.4. Electric smelting reduction furnaces 2408.5. Consumable-electrode remelting furnaces 2578.6. Bibliography 261Chapter 9. Molten Salt Electrolysis Operations 2659.1. Overview of molten salt electrolysis operations 2659.2. Chloride electrolysis 2669.3. Reduction of alumina by electrolysis 2719.4. Electro-reduction of metal oxides and deoxidation of metalsby molten salt electrolysis 2869.5. Bibliography 289Chapter 10. Extractive Processing Routes 29310.1. Features of extractive processing routes 29310.2. Hot metal, steel and ferroalloys 29610.3. Aluminum (gallium) 29810.4. Copper and other valuable metals 30010.5. Nickel (cobalt) 30410.6. Zinc (cadmium, indium, germanium, gallium) 31110.7. Lead (silver, gold, bismuth) 31410.8. Tin 31610.9. Magnesium 31810.10. Titanium, zirconium and hafnium 31810.11. Chromium 32110.12. Molybdenum and tungsten 32110.13. Niobium and tantalum 32210.14. Gold 32310.15. Metals belonging to the PGM 32410.16. Silicon 32410.17. Bibliography 325List of Symbols 329Index 341Summaries of Other Volumes 353