This book is dedicated to the processes of mineral transformation, recycling and reclamation of metals, for the purpose of turning metals and alloys into a liquid state ready for pouring. Even though "e;process metallurgy"e; is one of the oldest technologies implemented by man, technological innovation, with the development of processes that are both focused on product quality and economically and ecologically efficient, continues to be at the heart of these industries. This book explains the physico-chemical bases of transformations, vital to their understanding and control (optimization of operational conditions), and the foundations in terms of "e;process engineering"e; (heat and matter assessment, process coupling: chemical reactions and transport phenomena), vital to the optimal execution and analysis of transformation process operations. This book is addressed to students in the field of metallurgy and to engineers facing the problem of metal and alloy development (operation of an industrial unit or development of a new process).

This book is dedicated to the processes of mineral transformation, recycling and reclamation of metals, for the purpose of turning metals and alloys into a liquid state ready for pouring.Even though "process metallurgy" is one of the oldest technologies implemented by man, technological innovation, with the development of processes that are both focused on product quality and economically and ecologically efficient, continues to be at the heart of these industries.This book explains the physico-chemical bases of transformations, vital to their understanding and control (optimization of operational conditions), and the foundations in terms of "process engineering" (heat and matter assessment, process coupling: chemical reactions and transport phenomena), vital to the optimal execution and analysis of transformation process operations.This book is addressed to students in the field of metallurgy and to engineers facing the problem of metal and alloy development (operation of an industrial unit or development of a new process).

Preface xiChapter 1. Metallurgical Thermochemistry 11.1. Introduction 11.2. Quantities characterizing the state of a system and itsevolution 31.3. Thermodynamic fundamentals of reactions 161.4. Phase diagrams 361.5. Bibliography 39Chapter 2. Oxides, Sulfides, Chlorides and Carbides412.1. Introduction 412.2. Metal-oxygen/metal-sulfur systems activities in theintermediate phases 422.3. Standard Gibbs free energy: temperature diagrams for oxides Ellingham-Richardson diagrams 512.4. Thermodynamic data for sulfides and chlorides 582.5. Metal-carbon phase diagrams and the Ellingham-Richardsondiagram for Carbides 632.6. Carbon and carbon oxide reactions 672.7. Bibliography 71Chapter 3. Metal Solutions, Slags and Mattes 733.1. Introduction 733.2. Metal solutions 743.3. Mattes 933.4. Slags 1063.5. Bibliography 127Chapter 4. Aqueous Electrolytic Solutions and Salt Melts1314.1. Introduction 1314.2. Thermodynamics of aqueous electrolyte solutions 1314.3. Thermodynamics of salt melts (fluxes) 1734.4. Bibliography 179Chapter 5. Reaction Kinetics 1835.1. Introduction 1835.2. Rate of a chemical reaction 1845.3. Homogeneous precipitation 1895.4. Kinetics and mechanism of heterogeneous reactions 1945.5. Reaction rates for in situ conversion of a solid particle2115.6. Heterogeneous precipitation 2155.7. Bibliography 217Chapter 6. Transport Kinetics 2196.1. Introduction 2196.2. Equations of change and relationships between diffusionfluxes and driving forces 2236.3. Interphase mass or heat transport (mass and heat transfer)2276.4. Mass and heat transfer coefficients 2366.5. Overall kinetics of extraction processes under mixedcontrol 2476.6. Bibliography 251Chapter 7. Particulate Kinetics 2537.1. Introduction 2537.2. Gasification/leaching of a particle 2547.3. Heterogeneous precipitation: growth rate of the particles2637.4. In situ conversion of a solid particle 2647.5. Conversion of a particle undergoing strong exo- orendothermic chemical reactions 2707.6. Transfer processes between two fluid phases, one phasebeing dispersed (as drops or bubbles) in the second phase 2767.7. Bibliography 280Chapter 8. Electrochemical Reactions 2838.1. Overview of electrochemical processes 2838.2. Equilibrium electric potential of an elementaryelectrochemical reaction 2858.3. Electrochemical equilibria of metals and metalloids(Pourbaix diagrams)2928.4. Electrochemical kinetics 3068.5. Redox electrochemical reactions 3148.6. Bibliography 322List of Symbols 325Index 337Summaries of Other Volumes 345