This collaborative research project allows for fundamental advances not only in the understanding of the phenomena but also in the development of practical calculation methods that can be used by engineers. This collaborative research project allows for fundamental advances not only in the understanding of the phenomena but also in the development of practical calculation methods that can be used by engineers.

This collaborative research project allows for fundamental advances not only in the understanding of the phenomena but also in the development of practical calculation methods that can be used by engineers. This collaborative research project allows for fundamental advances not only in the understanding of the phenomena but also in the development of practical calculation methods that can be used by engineers.

Preface ixIntroduction xiiiPart 1. New Frontiers And Governance of Digital Space 1Chapter 1. Fragmentation and Compartmentalization of Virtual Space 31.1 The nymph Carna and Internet census 31.2 Dimensions of cyberspace 51.3 Deep web, darknet and dark web 8Chapter 2. A Society Of Control And Panopticism 132.1 Horizontal panopticism and cyber-narcissism 132.2 The neutrality of the network in question 152.2.1 How can network neutrality be preserved? 182.2.2 A threatened principle 192.3 Going toward an Internet 3.0 and a new form of digital civility? 222.3.1 Is cyberspace a public space? 222.3.2 Tyrannies of privacy 24Chapter 3. The Internet, A Governance Subject To Controversy 273.1 ICANN, an influenced institution 273.1.1 Is this the end of US supremacy? 283.1.2 The role of the GAC 293.2 Cybersecurity, domains and electronic addressing 323.2.1 The essential role of WHOIS 343.2.2 Domain name extension and migration from IPv4 to IPv6 373.3 Who regulates those who are in control? 393.3.1 Conflict within ICANN 403.3.2 Encrypted networks: a major security issue for ICANN 42Part 2. Crypto-Anarchism, Cryptography and Hidden Networks 45Chapter 4. From The Arpanet To The Darknet: When States Lose Cryptographic Warfare 494.1 From Minitel to ARPANET 494.1.1 Rapid growth 514.1.2 The privatization of the Internet 524.2 The rise of asymmetric cryptography 534.2.1 Steganography 534.2.2 Modern cryptographic methods 564.2.3 Asymmetric cryptography 574.3 "The Crypto Wars are over!" 604.3.1 Planetary electronic monitoring 624.3.2 "Rendering Big Brother obsolete" 644.3.3 Cryptography at the service of hidden networks 68Chapter 5. From Sneaker Nets To Darknets 715.1 Peer to peer: the first darknets 715.1.1 P2P against the entertainment industry: David versus Goliath 735.1.2 The BitTorrent revolution 775.1.3 The emergence of darknets 815.2 "Netopias" and darknets: the appearance of parallel networks 845.2.1 Cypherpunks and cyberpunk 845.2.2 Crypto-anarchism and activism: Peekabooty 885.2.3 Freenet 905.2.4 It is a small world... 935.3 The Tor network 985.3.1 The origins of Tor 1005.3.2 The Tor paradox 1035.3.3 How Tor works 1055.3.4 The principle of the .onion address 1085.3.5 An evolution of Tor uses thanks to Tor2Web? 112Chapter 6. Geopolitics and Cybersecurity 1176.1 From "hacktivism" to "cyberwarfare" 1176.1.1 The first hackers 1186.1.2 When states engage in cyberwarfare 1206.1.3 Computer attacks of an unprecedented magnitude 1226.1.4 The darknet: cybercrime market 1246.2 Cybercrime, politics and subversion in the "half-world" 1266.2.1 The "half-world" appeal 1306.2.2 Fighting crime and Bitcoins: current and future economic and security issues 134Conclusion 141Appendices 145Appendix 1 147Appendix 2 153Glossary 157Bibliography 163Index 169