Taking stock of the overall confused picture that research and innovation (R&I) literature and practices offer with regard to citizen and stakeholder participation, this book provides a methodical conceptual and an empirical analysis to determine the connection between ethics and participation. Strong theoretical pillars in the fields of ethics, politics and responsible research and innovation (RRI) form the backbone of this critical approach to participation, which considers new approaches to democratic participation. Taking into account a number of participatory processes, Responsive Ethics and Participation establishes a new methodology to differentiate, classify and understand the added value of the participation of citizens and stakeholders in R&I.

Participation could be considered the epitome of innovation ethics. However, its multidimensionality, its ethical and theoretical grounds and the nature of the involvement and related outcomes must be clarified at the outset, in order to reach active forms of participation. Ethical participation is required for reliable developments in science and technology, which is what this book ultimately demonstrates.

Taking stock of the overall confused picture that research and innovation (R&I) literature and practices offer with regard to citizen and stakeholder participation, this book provides a methodical conceptual and an empirical analysis to determine the connection between ethics and participation. Strong theoretical pillars in the fields of ethics, politics and responsible research and innovation (RRI) form the backbone of this critical approach to participation, which considers new approaches to democratic participation. Taking into account a number of participatory processes, Responsive Ethics and Participation establishes a new methodology to differentiate, classify and understand the added value of the participation of citizens and stakeholders in R&I.Participation could be considered the epitome of innovation ethics. However, its multidimensionality, its ethical and theoretical grounds and the nature of the involvement and related outcomes must be clarified at the outset, in order to reach active forms of participation. Ethical participation is required for reliable developments in science and technology, which is what this book ultimately demonstrates.

Foreword ixBernard REBERAcknowledgments xvIntroduction xviiChapter 1 Defining Ethics and Participation 11.1 Ethical challenges in research and innovation 21.1.1 Ethics in governance of research and innovation 21.1.2 Bottom-up approaches 61.2 Facing responsibility 101.2.1 The notion of responsibility in innovation 101.2.2 Ethics and technology assessment: at the root of responsible innovation 141.2.3 From ethics of technology to responsible research and innovation 181.3 Public participation and the ideal of participatory democracy 221.3.1 Public participation in research and innovation 221.3.2 Participation in technology assessment 261.3.3 From broad participatory practices to deliberation 291.4 The diverse field of participation 331.4.1 Defining participatory activities: types and timelines 331.4.2. Defining participants: types of actors and visions of engagement 371.4.3 Finding value in participation 421.4.4 Models of participation 451.5 Conclusion 48Chapter 2 Regulations on Ethics and Participation 492.1 Policies and regulations on the ethics of innovation 492.1.1 Main regulations on research ethics and research integrity 492.1.2 Ethics assessment: a standard in European funding programs 542.2. Analysis of current European regulations on ethics and participation 582.2.1 The different institutional configurations for ethics and participation 582.2.2 The current deadlocks of European regulatory bodies 632.2.3 Ethics of participation: current boundaries 682.3 Soft law on participatory approaches 702.3.1 Re-shaping participatory approaches through soft law: toward a normative instrument 702.4 Beyond regulations: institutional needs for ethical participation 732.4.1 The needs from a governance point of view 732.4.2 Identifying good practices and criteria for ethical participation 772.5 Conclusion 82Chapter 3 Ethical Participation 853.1 How mainstream is citizen participation? 863.1.1 A case study on research funding organizations 863.1.2 Citizens' low involvement in R&I processes 913.1.3 Prevailing types of participation 983.2 Leveraging the funding of R&I for a novel approach to participation 1023.2.1 Context-sensitive specificities 1023.2.2 Expectations and legitimacy in the funding of R&I 1043.2.3 The impact of participatory practices 1113.3 Addressing the needs of research funding organizations 1143.3.1 Standardized approaches and the European discrepancies 1143.3.2 Ethical grounds meeting public scrutiny 1173.4 Toward an ethics framework 1193.4.1. Finding common paths and compromises in R&I governance 1193.4.2 Main critical factors facing institutions 1233.5 An ethics framework for participation 1253.5.1 Some guidelines for future ethics frameworks 1253.5.2 A tentative ethics framework 128Conclusion 133Appendices 143Appendix 1: Categories Considered in the Case Study on Research Funding Organizations 145Appendix 2: Tentative Ethics Framework 149References 179Index 193