1 Introduction1.1 Polymers1.2 Physical Shapes1.3 References2 History2.1 References3 Manufacture3.1 Introduction3.2 Perfluorinated Ionomers3.3 Polymerization3.4 Fabrication3.5 Hydrolysis and Acid Exchange3.6 Finishing and Testing3.7 Liquid Compositions3.8 Fluorinated Ionomers with Phosphonic or Sulfonyl Imide Functional Groups3.9 Partially Fluorinated Ionomers3.10 Composite Materials of Ionomers and Inorganic Oxides3.11 Composite Materials of Ionomers and a Porous Matrix3.12 Remanufactured Membranes3.13 References4 Properties4.1 Properties of the Precursor Polymers4.2 Properties of the Ionic Forms4.3 Morphology4.4 Transport Properties4.5 Optical Properties4.6 Thermal Properties4.7 Stability4.8 References5 Applications5.1 Electrolysis5.2 Sensors and Actuators5.3 Dialysis5.4 Gas and Vapor Diffusion5.5 Protective Clothing5.6 Catalysis5.7 References6 Fuel Cells and Batteries6.1 Introduction6.2 Operating Parameters6.3 Ionomer Stability6.4 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs)6.5 Manufacture of MEAs6.6 Rechargeable Flow Through Batteries6.7 References6.8 Further Reading7 Commercial Membrane Types7.1 Unreinforced Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acid Films7.2 Reinforced Perfluorinated Membranes8 Economic Aspects8.1 Chlor-Alkali Cells8.2 Fuel Cells8.3 References9 Experimental Methods9.1 Infrared Spectra9.2 Hydrolysis, Surface Hydrolysis and Staining9.3 Other Reactions of the Precursor Polymer9.4 Ion Exchange Equilibrium9.5 Determination of EW by Titration or Infrared Analysis9.6 Determining Melt Flow9.7 Distinguishing the Precursor Polymer from Various Ionic Forms9.8 Fenton's Test for Oxidative Stability9.9 Examination of a Membrane9.10 Determining the Permselectivity9.11 Measuring Pervaporation Rates9.12 Simple Electrolytic Cells9.13 References10 Heat Sealing and Repair10.1 Reference11 Handling and Storage11.1 Handling the Film11.2 Pretreatment11.3 Installation11.4 Sealing and Gasketing12 Toxicology, Safety and Disposal12.1 Toxicology12.2 Safety12.3 Disposal12.4 ReferencesAppendix A A Chromic Acid Regeneration SystemAppendix B Laboratory Chlor-alkali CellAppendix C Solution Cast Nafion FilmAppendix D Plastic-Based Bipolar PlatesSuppliers and ResourcesGlossary and Web SitesIndex

Fluorinated ionomer polymers form impermeable membranes that conduct electricity, properties that have been put to use in large-scale electrochemical applications, revolutionizing the chlor-alkali industry and transforming production methods of some of the world's highest-production commodity chemicals: chlorine, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. The use of fluorinated ionomers such as Nafion® have removed the need for mercury and asbestos in these processes and led to a massive reduction in electricity usage in these highly energy-intensive processes. Polymers in this group have also found uses in fuel-cells, metal-ion recovery, water electrolysis, plating, surface treatment of metals, batteries, sensors, drug release technologies, gas drying and humidification, and super-acid catalysis used in the production of specialty chemicals. Walther Grot, who invented Nafion® while working for DuPont, has written this book as a practical guide to engineers and scientists working in electrochemistry, the fuel cell industry and other areas of application. His book is a unique guide to this important polymer group and its applications, in membranes and other forms. The 2e expands this handbook by over a third, with new sections covering developments in electrolysis and membranes, additional information about the synthesis and science of the polymer group, and an enhanced provision of reference data.