Undoubtedly, the events of September 11, 2001 served as a wake-up call to the scourge of global terrorism facing twenty-first century societies. But was the attack on the World Trade Center a crime or an act of war? Is seemingly indiscriminate violence inflicted on civilians ever morally justified? And should society's response always be in kind with blind, destructive violence? For that matter, are all civilians truly innocent ? The answers are not always so simple. Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism: Ethics and Liberal Democracy provides sobering analyses of the nature of terrorism and the moral justification or lack thereof of terrorist actions and counter-terrorism measures in today's world. Utilizing a variety of thought-provoking philosophical arguments, the historic roots of terrorism and its contemporary incarnations are explored in depth. Detailed analyses of organizations such as the IRA, the ANC, Hamas and Al-Qaeda will reveal the many faces of terrorism and its disparate motives and tactics. Discussion of the nature and scope of terrorism and whether it can ever be morally justified is balanced with analysis of counter-terrorism strategies and the methods and moral limits of counter-terrorism. Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism will greatly broaden our understanding of the nature and morality of terrorism and counter-terrorist pursuits a crucial precondition for establishing any form of enduring peace between nations in the twenty-first century world.

Undoubtedly, the events of September 11, 2001 served as a wake-upcall to the scourge of global terrorism facing twenty-first centurysocieties. But was the attack on the World Trade Center a crime oran act of war? Is seemingly indiscriminate violence inflicted oncivilians ever morally justified? And should society's responsealways be in kind - with blind, destructive violence? Forthat matter, are all civilians truly 'innocent'? Theanswers are not always so simple.Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism: Ethics and LiberalDemocracy provides sobering analyses of the nature ofterrorism and the moral justification - or lack thereof of terrorist actions and counter-terrorism measures intoday's world. Utilizing a variety of thought-provokingphilosophical arguments, the historic roots of terrorism and itscontemporary incarnations are explored in depth. Detailed analysesof organizations such as the IRA, the ANC, Hamas and Al-Qaeda willreveal the many faces of terrorism and its disparate motives andtactics. Discussion of the nature and scope of terrorism andwhether it can ever be morally justified is balanced with analysisof counter-terrorism strategies and the methods and moral limits ofcounter-terrorism.Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism will greatlybroaden our understanding of the nature and morality of terrorismand counter-terrorist pursuits - a crucial precondition forestablishing any form of enduring peace between nations in thetwenty-first century world.

Acknowledgements.Introduction.1. The Varieties of Terrorism.Al-Qaeda.Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in the Israeli-PalestinianConflict.Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism and the IRA in NorthernIreland.The African National Congress's Armed Struggle inApartheid South Africa.Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in India.Conclusion.2. Defining Terrorism.The Definition of Terrorism in Terms of Innocents.The Definition of Terrorism in Terms of Non-Combatants.Terrorism, Combatants and Authoritarian States.The Definition of Terrorism: An Indirect Strategy.Conclusion.3. Terrorism and Collective Responsibility.Moral Justification for the Use of Deadly Force.Civilian Immunity and Human Rights Violations.Civilian Immunity and Culpable Omissions.Terrorism and Non-Violent Rights Violators.Conclusion.4. Terrorism-as-Crime.Terrorism-as-Crime.Terrorism-as-Crime and Police Institutions.Counter-Terrorism and Human Rights in Liberal Democracies atPeace.Conclusion.5. Terrorism, War and States of Emergency.Terrorist Attacks, Disasters and States of Emergency.Terrorism, Internal Armed Struggles and Theatres of War.Targeted Killings.Targeted Killings and the Problem of Dirty Hands.Conclusion.6. Torture.Definition of Torture.What Is Wrong with Torture?.The Moral Justification for One-Off Acts of Torture inEmergencies.The Moral Justification for Legalized and InstitutionalizedTorture.Conclusion.7. Bioterrorism and the Dual-Use Dilemma.The Biological Weapons Convention.Experiments of Concern.Dual-Use Research: The Ethical Issues.Dissemination of Dual-Use Research Results.The Regulation of Dual-Use Research.An Independent Authority.Conclusion.Bibliography.Index