This book describes RT 3D TEE in percutaneous interventional procedures, exploring its growing role and acceptance among interventional cardiologists, and also emphasizing areas of weakness. Each chapter describes the morphopathology as seen with RT 3D TEE.

Provides additional training in 3D echo even for those cardiologists with an extensive experience in echocardiography

Real Time Three-Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography.- Closure
of Atrial Septal Defect and Patent Foramen Ovalis.- Trans-catheter repair of
mitral regurgitation (Mitral-clip).- Mitral balloon valvuloplasty.- Trans-catheter
aortic valve implantation (TAVI).- Trans-catheter left atrial appendage closure.-
Ventricular septal defects closure.- Paravalvular leak closure.- Electrophysiological
procedures.- Other unusual procedures.

Advances in technology and human skill have made possible percutaneous catheter-based procedures for a wide spectrum of structural heart disease. A growing number of structural heart diseases that over the past two decades would have required open heart surgery can be safely treated using percutaneous catheter-based procedures.Traditionally, guidance of catheter-based procedures is done using fluoroscopy and two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (2D TEE). The recent introduction in the clinical practice of RT 3D TEE has overcome most of limitations of 2D TEE. The purpose of this book is to describe the use of this imaging modality in percutaneous interventional procedures underlying its growing role and acceptance among the interventional cardiologists but also emphasizing areas of weakness. Because today interventional cardiology ranges from closure of atrial and ventricular septal defects, to repair of mitral regurgitation and aortic stenosis, from the closure of left atrial appendage and prosthesis dehiscence, to the recent use in electrophysiological procedure, this book targets not only specialists in echocardiography and interventional cardiology but also general cardiologists. General cardiologists will find in any chapter anatomy of the structure treated (i.e. atrial septum, mitral valve...), a description of the morphopathology as seen with RT 3D TEE (degenerative or ischemic mitral regurgitation) the up-to-date indications to the specific percutaneous treatment and typical and unusual clinical cases.