This book describes RT 3D TEE in percutaneous interventional procedures, exploring its growing role and acceptance among interventional cardiologists, and also emphasizing areas of weakness. Each chapter describes the morphopathology as seen with RT 3D TEE.

​Advances in technology and human skill have made possible percutaneous catheter-based procedures for a wide spectrum of structural heart disease. A growing number of structural heart diseases that over the past two decades would have required open heart surgery can be safely treated using percutaneous catheter-based procedures.Traditionally, guidance of catheter-based procedures is done using fluoroscopy and two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (2D TEE). The recent introduction in the clinical practice of RT 3D TEE has overcome most of limitations of 2D TEE. The purpose of this book is to describe the use of this imaging modality in percutaneous interventional procedures underlying its growing role and acceptance among the interventional cardiologists but also emphasizing areas of weakness. Because today interventional cardiology ranges from closure of atrial and ventricular septal defects, to repair of mitral regurgitation and aortic stenosis, from the closure of left atrial appendage and prosthesis dehiscence, to the recent use in electrophysiological procedure, this book targets not only specialists in echocardiography and interventional cardiology but also general cardiologists. General cardiologists will find in any chapter anatomy of the structure treated (i.e. atrial septum, mitral valve…), a description of the morphopathology as seen with RT 3D TEE (degenerative or ischemic mitral regurgitation) the up-to-date indications to the specific percutaneous treatment and typical and unusual clinical cases.​

Technological Issues.- Closure of Patent Foramen Ovalis and Atrial Septal Defect.- Catheter-Based Repair of Mitral Valve Insufficiency.- Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Commissurotomy.- Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation.- Percutaneous Closure of the Left Atrial Appendage.- Closure of Post-AMI Ventricular Septal Defect.- Percutaneous Closure of Paravalvular Leaks.- The Role of 3D TEE in Ablation Procedures.- Miscellaneous Procedures.