Proceedings of an international symposium held in San Diego, California, February 4-7, 1992

Management Concerns.- A Survey of Produced Water Studies.- The Composition of Produced Water from Shell Operated Oil and Gas Production in the North Sea.- Review of the Cost-Effectiveness of EPA's Offshore Oil and Gas Effluent Guidelines.- Procedure for Development of Contingency Plans to Mitigate Produced Water Releases on BLM Lands.- Development of a Product Screening Protocol for Evaluating Environmental Effects of Oilfield Chemicals.- Modeling Approaches.- Modeling Offshore Discharges of Produced Water.- An Analysis of Management Strategies for Produced Waters from Natural Gas Production.- A Statistical Model to Predict Toxicity of Saline Produced Waters to Freshwater Organisms.- Chemical Characterization.- A Comprehensive Determination of Produced Water Composition.- Chemical and Toxicological Characterization of Produced Water Freon Extracts.- Specific Toxic Organics in Produced Waters from In-Situ Heavy Oil Recovery Operations in Western Canada.- Sources, Characteristics, and Management of Produced Waters from Natural Gas Production and Storage Operations.- Characterization of Produced Waters from Natural Gas Production and Storage Operations: Regulatory Analysis of a Complex Matrix.- Toxicity.- Use of Laboratory Toxicity Data for Evaluating the Environmental Acceptability of Produced Water Discharge to Surface Waters.- Toxicity Identification and Characteristics of Produced Water Discharges from Colorado and Wyoming.- A Comparative Evaluation of Produced Water Toxicity.- Identification of Toxicity in Low-TDS Produced Waters.- An Approach to Toxicant Isolation from a Produced Water Source in the Santa Barbara Channel.- Short-Term Chronic Toxicity of Produced Water and its Variability as a Function of Sample Time and Discharge Rate.- Toxicity Testing andChemical Characterization of Produced Water - a Preliminary Study.- Radioactivity.- Radiochemical Determination of Norm in Produced Water Utilizing Wet Chemistry Separation Followed by Radiochemical Analysis.- Radium Fate and Oil Removal for Discharged Produced Sand.- Produced Water Radionuclides Fate and Effects.- Radium Concentration Factors and Their use in Health and Environmental Risk Assessment.- Health Risk Assessment for Radium Discharged in Produced Waters.- Fate and Effect.- Biological Fate and Effect of Coalbed Methane Produced Waters Discharged into Streams of the Warrior Basin, Alabama.- Surface Discharge of Coalbed Methane Produced Waters in the Warrior Basin of Alabama, the Cedar Cove Model.- Produced Water Impacts in Louisiana Coastal Waters.- Fate and Effects of Produced Water Discharges in Coastal Louisiana, Gulf of Mexico, USA.- Composition, Fate and Effects of Produced Water Discharges to Nearshore Marine Waters.- Spatial Scale of Ecological Effects Associated with an Open Coast Discharge of Produced Water.- Use of Noninvasive NMR Spectroscopy and Imaging for Assessing Produced Water Effects on Mussel Reproduction.- Effects of Produced Water on Settlement of Larvae: Field Tests using Red Abalone.- Effects of Produced Water on Early Life Stages of a Sea Urchin: Stage-Specific Responses and Delayed Expression.- Sublethal Effects of Produced Water from Crude Oil Terminals on the Clam Donax faba.- Methods Development and New Technology.- A Protocol for Determining Oil and Grease in Produced Waters.- Investigations into the use of Modified Zeolites for Removing Benzene, Toluene, and Xylene from Saline Produced Water.- Recent Advances in the Application of Membrane Technology for the Removal of Oil and Suspended Solids from Produced Waters.- SulphateSeparation from Seawater by Nanofiltration.- Initial Design Considerations for a Cost Effective Treatment of Stripper Oil Well Produced Water.- Bioreclamation of Oilfield Produced Wastewaters: Characterization and Feasibility Study.- Use of Solar Ponds to Reclaim Salt Products from Brine Waters from Oil and Gas well Operations in New York.- Subsurface Disposal of Produced Waters: An Alberta Perspective.- Water Reuse Testing at Shell's Peace River Complex.- Overview of the Produced Water System at the Prudhoe Bay Unit - Alaska, North Slope.- Production Water/Waste Treatment and Site Remediation Technology Database for the Natural Gas Industry.- Treatment and Disposal of Wastwaters Produced with Coalbed Methane by Reverse Osmosis.- Conversion Table.- Authors Index.

This book represents the proceedings of the first major international meeting dedi cated to discuss environmental aspects of produced water. The 1992 International Pro duced Water Symposium was held at the Catamaran Hotel, San Diego, California, USA, on February 4-7, 1992. The objectives of the conference were to provide a forum where scientists, regulators, industry, academia, and the enviromental community could gather to hear and discuss the latest information related to the environmental considerations of produced water discharges. It was also an objective to provide a forum for the peer review and international publication of the symposium papers so that they would have wide availability to all parties interested in produced water environmental issues. Produced water is the largest volume waste stream from oil and gas production activities. Onshore, well over 90% is reinjected to subsurface formations. Offshore, and in the coastal zone, most produced water is discharged to the ocean. Over the past several years there has been increasing concern from regulators and the environmental commu nity. There has been a quest for more information on the composition, treatment systems and chemicals, discharge characteristics, disposal options, and fate and effects of the produced water. As so often happens, much of this information exists in the forms of reports and internal research papers. This symposium and publication was intended to make this information available, both for open discussion at the conference, and for peer review before publication.