Bernd Öggl is an experienced system administrator and web developer. Since 2001 he has been creating websites for customers, implementing individual development projects, and passing on his knowledge at conferences and in publications.Michael Kofler studied telematics at Graz University of Technology and is one of the most successful German-language IT specialist authors. In addition to Linux, his areas of expertise include IT security, Python, Swift, Java, and the Raspberry Pi. He is a developer, advises companies, and works as a lecturer.

Learn to use GitHub, GitLab, and alternative Git platforms

... Preface ... 19

... The Story of Git ... 19

... Everyone Uses It, but No One Understands It ... 20

... About This Book ... 20

... A Note to Readers ... 22

1 ... Git in Ten Minutes ... 23

1.1 ... What Is Git? ... 23

1.2 ... Downloading Software from GitHub ... 25

1.3 ... Learning to Program with Git Support ... 27

2 ... Learning by Doing ... 31

2.1 ... Installing the git Command ... 31

2.2 ... Setting Up a GitHub Account and Repositories ... 38

2.3 ... Using the git Command ... 43

2.4 ... Authentication ... 56

2.5 ... Learning Git in a Playful Way (Githug) ... 66

2.6 ... IDEs and Editors ... 68

2.7 ... Contributing to a Third-Party GitHub Project ... 76

2.8 ... Synchronization and Backups ... 78

3 ... Basic Principles of Git ... 81

3.1 ... Terminology ... 81

3.2 ... The Git Database ... 85

3.3 ... Commits ... 89

3.4 ... Commit-Undo ... 96

3.5 ... Branches ... 104

3.6 ... Merging ... 110

3.7 ... Stashing ... 117

3.8 ... Remote Repositories ... 118

3.9 ... Resolving Merge Conflicts ... 129

3.10 ... Rebasing ... 135

3.11 ... Tags ... 141

3.12 ... References to Commits ... 145

3.13 ... Internal Details of Git ... 150

4 ... Data Analysis in the Git Repository ... 153

4.1 ... Searching Commits (git log) ... 153

4.2 ... Searching Files ... 163

4.3 ... Searching for Errors (git bisect) ... 169

4.4 ... Statistics and Visualization ... 170

5 ... GitHub ... 175

5.1 ... Pull Requests ... 176

5.2 ... Actions ... 180

5.3 ... Package Manager (GitHub Packages) ... 188

5.4 ... Automatic Security Scans ... 193

5.5 ... Other GitHub Features ... 197

5.6 ... GitHub Command-Line Interface ... 202

5.7 ... Codespaces ... 206

6 ... GitLab ... 209

6.1 ... On-Premise versus Cloud ... 210

6.2 ... Installation ... 211

6.3 ... The First Project ... 218

6.4 ... Pipelines ... 220

6.5 ... Merge Requests ... 229

6.6 ... Web IDE ... 232

6.7 ... Gitpod ... 233

7 ... Azure DevOps, Bitbucket, Gitea, and Gitolite ... 237

7.1 ... Azure DevOps ... 237

7.2 ... Bitbucket ... 242

7.3 ... Gitea ... 244

7.4 ... Gitolite ... 255

8 ... Workflows ... 259

8.1 ... Instructions for the Team ... 259

8.2 ... Solo Development ... 260

8.3 ... Feature Branches for Teams ... 262

8.4 ... Merge/Pull Requests ... 269

8.5 ... Long-Running Branches: Gitflow ... 272

8.6 ... Trunk-Based Development ... 277

8.7 ... Which Workflow Is the Right One? ... 280

9 ... Working Techniques ... 283

9.1 ... Hooks ... 283

9.2 ... Concise Commit Messages ... 288

9.3 ... Submodules and Subtrees ... 295

9.4 ... Bash and Zsh ... 305

9.5 ... Two-Factor Authentication ... 307

10 ... Git in Real Life ... 313

10.1 ... Etckeeper ... 313

10.2 ... Managing Dotfiles with Git ... 316

10.3 ... Accessing Apache Subversion (git-svn) ... 323

10.4 ... Migrating from Apache Subversion to Git ... 327

10.5 ... Blog with Git and Hugo ... 331

11 ... Git Problems and Their Solutions ... 343

11.1 ... Git Error Messages (Root Cause and Solution) ... 343

11.2 ... Saving Empty Directories ... 350

11.3 ... Merge for a Single File ... 350

11.4 ... Deleting Files Permanently from Git ... 351

11.5 ... Splitting a Project ... 359

11.6 ... Moving Commits to a Different Branch ... 359

12 ... Command Reference ... 363

12.1 ... The git Command ... 363

12.2 ... Revision Syntax ... 392

12.3 ... git Configuration ... 393

... The Authors ... 399

... Index ... 401