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Environmental Corrections
Beschreibung:
A new paradigm for supervising offenders in the community
Environmental Corrections is an innovative guide filled with rich insights and strategies for probation and parole officers to effectively integrate offenders back into the community and reduce recidivism. Authors Lacey Schaefer, Francis T. Cullen, and John E. Eck move beyond traditional models for interventions and build directly on the applied focus of environmental criminology theories. Using this approach, the authors answer the question of what officers can do to decrease opportunities for an offender to commit a crime. Readers will learn how to recognize and assess specific criminal opportunities in an offender’s past and gain the tools and strategies they need to design an individualized supervision plan that channels offenders away from these criminogenic situations.
The Invention of Probation and Parole: Treatment and Control
The Limited Effectiveness of Offender Supervision
Why Treatment Does Not Work
Why Control Does Not Work
Conclusion: A New Paradigm for Offender Supervision
Chapter 2: Why Opportunity Matters
The Evolution of Crime Science
Crime Science and Opportunity Reduction
Conclusion: Opportunity-Reduction Supervision
Chapter 3: How to Supervise Offenders
Current Offender Supervision Practices
Introduction to Environmental Corrections Supervision
Identifying Exposure to Crime Opportunities
Considering Gender
Creating the Offender’s Case Plan
Modifying the Offender’s Case Plan
Graduated Consequences
Earned Discharge and Aftercare
Chapter 4: Developing Offender Supervision Technology
Offender Assessment and Classification
Identifying Opportunities for Crime
Opportunity-Reduction Case Plans
Chapter 5: Getting Offenders to Think Right
Reducing Propensity
Opportunity Resistance
Opportunity Avoidance
Chapter 6: How the Police Can Help
Increasing the Supervision of Offenders
Increasing the Supervision of Targets and Places
Increasing the Surveillance by Crime Controllers
Chapter 7: Making Offender Supervision Work
Lesson #1: Punishment Does Not Work Well
Lesson #2: Reducing Crime Opportunities Reduces Crime
Lesson #3: Environmental Corrections Can Reduce Crime Opportunities
Lesson #4: Crime Opportunities Must Be Assessed
Lesson #5: Cognitive-Behavioral Techniques Can Help
Lesson #6: The Police Make Excellent Community Corrections Partners
Lesson #7: Research Is Needed
Lesson #8: Opportunity-Reduction Supervision Can Work