The two kidneys of mammalian organisms receive around 25 % of the cardiac output at rest, of which only ~7 % is distributed to the renal medulla. Despite the low blood flow to the renal medulla, small changes in perfusion to the region can have profound effects on urine-concentrating ability and the excretion of sodium, which in turn affects the chronic regulation of body fluid volumes and arterial blood pressure. Importantly, we know that if blood flow to the renal medulla is not tightly regulated, sodium and water homeostasis is impaired and medullary hypoxia develops. The resultant injury inevitably reduces urine concentrating ability and leads to hypertension. This book will discuss the variety of mechanisms that mammalian organisms have developed to ensure that renal medullary blood flow and oxygen levels are precisely regulated. This book will focus on the unique anatomical arrangement of the medullary circulation, the functional roles of medullary blood flow, as well as the experimental techniques used to assess medullary blood flow and the insight that these studies have provided. The hormonal and non-hormonal control of medullary blood flow will be considered and finally the impact of reduced medullary blood flow on blood pressure is discussed.

Table of Contents: Introduction / Anatomy and Ultrastructure / Functional Roles of Medullary Blood Flow / Experimental Assessment of Medullary Perfusion / Pericytes and Non-Hormaonal Regulation of Vasa Recta Tone / Hormonal Regulation of Vasa Recta Tone / Reductions in Medullary Blood Flow Initiate Hypertension / The Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rat as a Model of Reduced Medullary Blood Flow / References / Author Biographies