Modern perceptions of race across much of the Global South are indebted to the Brazilian social scientist Gilberto Freyre, who in works such as The Masters and the Slaves claimed that Portuguese colonialism produced exceptionally benign and tolerant race relations. This volume radically reinterprets Freyre’s Luso-tropicalist arguments and critically engages with the historical complexity of racial concepts and practices in the Portuguese-speaking world. Encompassing Brazil as well as Portuguese-speaking societies in Africa, Asia, and even Portugal itself, it places an interdisciplinary group of scholars in conversation to challenge the conventional understanding of twentieth-century racialization, proffering new insights into such controversial topics as human plasticity, racial amalgamation, and the tropes and proxies of whiteness.

List of Illustrations
Acknowledgments

Introduction
Warwick Anderson, Ricardo Roque, and Ricardo Ventura Santos

PART I: PICTURING AND READING FREYRE

Chapter 1. Gilberto Freyre’s View of Miscegenation and Its Circulation in the Portuguese Empire (1930s–1960s)
Cláudia Castelo

Chapter 2. Gilberto Freyre: Racial Populism and Ethnic Nationalism
Jerry Dávila

Chapter 3. Anthropology and Pan-Africanism at the Margins of the Portuguese Empire: Trajectories of Kamba Simango
Lorenzo Macagno

PART II: IMAGINING A MIXED-RACE NATION

Chapter 4. Eugenics, Genetics and Anthropology in Brazil: The Masters and the Slaves, Racial Miscegenation and Its Discontents
Robert Wegner and Vanderlei Sebastião de Souza

Chapter 5. Gilberto Freyre and the UNESCO Research Project on Race Relations in Brazil
Marcos Chor Maio

Chapter 6. “An Immense Mosaic”: Race Mixing and the Creation of the Genetic Nation in 1960s Brazil
Rosanna Dent and Ricardo Ventura Santos

PART III: THE COLONIAL SCIENCES OF RACE

Chapter 7. The Racial Science of Patriotic Primitives: António Mendes Correia in Portuguese Timor
Ricardo Roque

Chapter 8. Reassessing Portuguese Exceptionalism: Racial Concepts and Colonial Policies toward the “Bushmen” in Southern Angola, 1880s–1970s
Samuël Coghe

Chapter 9. “Anthropobiology”, Racial Miscegenation and Body Normality: Comparing Biotypological Studies in Brazil and Portugal, 1930–1940
Ana Carolina Vimieiro Gomes

PART IV: PORTUGUESENESS IN THE TROPICS

Chapter 10. Luso-Tropicalism Debunked, Again: Race, Racism, and Racialism in Three Portuguese-Speaking Societies
Cristiana Bastos

Chapter 11. Being Goan (Modern) in Zanzibar: Mobility, Relationality and the Stitching of Race
Pamila Gupta

Afterword I: Mixing the Global Color Palette
Nélia Dias

Afterword II: Luso-tropicalism and Mixture in the Latin American Context
Peter Wade

Index