​​This book provides standards and guidelines for quantifying greenhouse gas emissions and removals in smallholder agricultural systems and comparing options for climate change mitigation based on emission reductions and livelihood trade-offs. Globally, agriculture is directly responsible for about 11% of annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and induces an additional 17% through land use change, mostly in developing countries. Farms in the developing countries of sub-Saharan Africa and Asia are predominately managed by smallholders, with 80% of land holdings smaller than ten hectares. However, little to no information exists on greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation potentials in smallholder agriculture.  Greenhouse gas measurements in agriculture are expensive, time consuming, and error prone, challenges only exacerbated by the heterogeneity of smallholder systems and landscapes. Concerns over methodological rigor, measurement costs, and the diversity of approaches, coupled with the demand for robust information suggest it is germane for the scientific community to establish standards of measurements for quantifying GHG emissions from smallholder agriculture. Standard guidelines for use by scientists, development organizations will help generate reliable data on emissions baselines and allow rigorous comparisons of mitigation options. The guidelines described in this book, developed by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture, and Food Security (CCAFS) and partners, are intended to inform anyone conducting field measurements of agricultural greenhouse gas sources and sinks, especially to develop IPCC Tier 2 emission factors or to compare mitigation options in smallholder systems.

Chapter 1 Introduction to the SAMPLES Approach.- Chapter 2 Targeting Landscapes to Identify Mitigation Options.- Chapter 3 Determining Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Removals Associated with Land Use and Land Cover Change.- Chapter 4 Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Managed and Natural Soils.- Chapter 5 A Comparison of Methodologies for Measuring Methane Emissions from Ruminants.- Chapter 6  Quantifying Tree Biomass Carbon Stocks and Fluxes in Agricultural Landscapes.- Chapter 7 Methods for Smallholder Quantification of Soil Carbon Stocks and Stock Changes.-  Chapter 8 Yield Estimation of Food and Non-Food Crops in Smallholder Production Systems.- Chapter 9 Scaling Point and Plot Measurements of Greenhouse Gas Fluxes, Balances and Intensities to Whole Farms and Landscapes.- Chapter 10 Methods for Environment-Productivity Trade-off Analysis in Agricultural Systems.