This monograph assembles expert knowledge on the latest biomechanical modeling and testing of hard tissues, coupled with a concise introduction to the structural and physical properties of bone and cartilage. A strong focus lies on the current advances in understanding bone structure and function from a materials science perspective, providing practical knowledge on how to model, simulate and predict the mechanical behavior of bone. The book presents directly applicable methods for designing and testing the performance of artificial bones and joint replacements, while addressing innovative and safe approaches to stimulated bone regeneration essential for clinical researchers.

This monograph assembles expert knowledge on the latest biomechanical modeling and testing of hard tissues, coupled with a concise introduction to the structural and physical properties of bone and cartilage.A strong focus lies on the current advances in understanding bone structure and function from a materials science perspective, providing practical knowledge on how to model, simulate and predict the mechanical behavior of bone. The book presents directly applicable methods for designing and testing the performance of artificial bones and joint replacements, while addressing innovative and safe approaches to stimulated bone regeneration essential for clinical researchers.

1 BONE AND CARTILAGE, ITS STRUCTURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIESIntroductionThe Structure of Living OrganismsGrowth of Living OrganismsRing-Shaped Grain BoundaryPlanarity of Biological StructuresMicroscopie Structure of the BoneGrowth of the BoneStructure of the BodyMacroscopic Structure of SkeletonApatite in the BoneStructure of the BoneMicroscopic Structure of the BoneGeneralOsteonBone InnervationAnatomy of Bone InnervationBone CellsCellsCell MembraneMembrane TransportBone Cell TypesOsteoclastsCellular Image - OPG/RANK/RANKL Signaling SystemOsteoprotegerinRANK/RANKLTACEBone Modeling and RemodelingProteins and Amino AcidsCollagen and Its PropertiesMolecular StructureGeometry of Triple HelixPolymer ThermodynamicsThermodynamicsIdeal ChainWormlike ChainArchitecture of Biological FibersArchitecture of Collagen Fibers in Human OsteonCollagen ElasticityReferencesFurther Reading2 NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF BONE REMODELING PROCESS CONSIDERING INTERFACE TISSUE DIFFERENTIATION IN TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENTSIntroductionMechanical Adaptation of BoneConstitutive ModelsBone Constitutive ModelModel of Preprosthetic AdaptationModel of Interfacial AdaptationNumerical ExamplesFinal RemarksAcknowledgmentsReferences3 BONE AS A COMPOSITE MATERIALIntroductionBone PhasesOrganicMineralPhysical Structure of Bone MaterialWaterBone Phase Material PropertiesOrganic MatrixMineral PhaseWaterElastic Modulus of Composite MaterialsBone as a Composite: Macroscopic EffectsBone as a Composite: Microscale EffectsBone as a Composite: Anisotropy EffectsBone as a Composite: ImplicationsReferences4 MECHANOBIOLOGICAL MODELS FOR BONE TISSUE. APPLICATIONS TO IMPLANT DESIGNIntroductionBiological and Mechanobiological Factores in Bone Remodeling and Bone Fracture HealingBone RemodelingBone Fracture HealingPhenomenological Models of Bone RemodelingMechanistic Models of Bone Remodeling Models to Implant DesignModels of Tissue Differentiation Application to Bone Fracture HealingMechanistic Models of Bone Fracture Healing Models to Implant DesignConcluding RemarksReferences5 BIOMECHANICAL TESTING OF ORTHOPEDIC IMPLANTS; ASPECTS OF TRIBOLOGY AND SIMULATIONIntroductionTribological Testing of Orthopedic ImplantsTribological Testing of Tissue from a Living BodyTheoretical Analysis for Tribological IssuesReferences6 CONSTITUTIVE MODELING OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR FOR TRABECULAR BONE - CONTINUUM MECHANICAL APPROACHESIntroductionSummy of Elasticity Theory and Continuum MechanicsStress Tensor and DecompositionInvariantsConstitutive EquationsLinear Elastic Behavior: Generalized Hooke´s Law for Isotropic MaterialsLinear Elastic Behavior: Generalized Hooke´s Law for Orthotropic MaterialsLinear Elastic Behaivor: Generalized Hooke´s Law for Orthotropic Materials with Cubic StructureLinear Elastic Behaivor: Generalized Hooke´s Law for Transverse Isotropic MaterialsPlastic Behavior, Failure and Limit SurfaceThe Structure of Trabecular Bone and Modeling ApproachesStructural Analogies: Cellular Plastics and MaterialsConclusionsReferences7 MECHANICAL AND MAGNETIC STIMULATION ON CELLS FOR BONE REGENERATIONIntroductionMechanical Stimulation on CellsVarious Mechanical StimulationsTechniques for Applying Mechanical LoadingMechanotransductionMechanical Influences on Stem CellMagnetic Stimulation on CellsMagnetic Nanoparticles for Cell StimulationProperties of Magnetic NanoparticlesFunctionalization of Magnetic NanoparticlesMagnetic StimulationMagnetic PullingMagnetic TwistingLimitation of Using Magnetic Nanoparticles for Cell StimulationMagnetic Stimulation and Cell Conditioning for Tissue RegenerationSummaryReferences8 Joint Replacement ImplantsIntroductionBiomaterials for Joint Replacement ImplantsJoint Replacement Implants for Weight-Bearing JointsIntroductionHip Joint ReplacementKnee Joint ReplacementAnkle Joint ReplacemenMethods of Fication for Weight-Bearing Joint R