In-depth analysis of international changes in industrial innovation in the pharmaceutical industryContains: interviews with pharma companies, analysis of patent data, analysis of alliances of pharma companies, case study on new therapies

1 Introduction.- 2 The National System of Innovation in the United States and Germany.- 3 Dynamics of the Markets and Market Structure.- 4 Innovation Process and Techno-scientific Dynamics.- 5 Generation, Transfer and Exploitation of New Knowledge.- 6 Internationalization of Research and Development in Pharmaceuticals.- 7 Case Study on New Therapies for Selected Autoimmune Diseases.- 8 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- A Top Twenty Pharmaceutical Companies with Subsidiaries.- B R&D Agreements in the Autoimmune Diseases Area.- C From the Call for Tender for the NIH Program "Autoimmunity Centers of Excellence" Released in May 1998 (NIH 1998).

The internationalization of research and technology is one key component of the globalization of trade and business, with potentially major impacts on patterns of economic development and public policies worldwide. Although certain aspects of this internationalization trend are well documented, and some effects can be quantified, the overall processes are extremely complex and the outcomes are highly uncertain. The existence of the phenomenon is generally accepted, but its importance and the trends are currently the topic of a lively debate. This study on "New Ways in Drug Development in Pharmaceuticals" is part of a three year project which aims at investigating how new concepts of industrial knowledge creation are implemented in the different environ ments of the innovation systems of the United States and Germany. The main focus of the overall project is a series of case studies of innovation practice in different national and sectoral contexts. The following sectors and technological fields are investigated: pharmaceuticals and new ways in drug development by the Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research (ISI), advanced materials by the University Hohenheim, Insti tute of International Management and Innovation (Alexander Gerybadze), financial services and home banking by the Massachusetts Institute of Tech nology (MIT), Center for Industrial Performance (Richard Lester) and the Sloan School of Management (Edward Roberts). Financially the project was supported by the German-American Academic Council, the German Federal Minstry of Education, Science Research and Technology and the Fraunhofer Society.