Philipp Scheuermann hat Jura mit wirtschaftswissenschaftlicher Zusatzausbildung an der Universität Bayreuth studiert. Nachdem er 2004 zunächst ein Masterstudium an der
University of Birmingham absolvierte, legte er 2006 das Erste Juristische Staatsexamen ab.
Von 2006 bis 2008 promovierte er als externer Doktorand am Lehrstuhl von Prof. Dr. Rudolf Streinz an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in München. 2007 war er visiting researcher am Institute of International Economic Law, Georgetown University. Das Referendariat absolvierte er von 2008 bis 2010 am OLG München mit Stationen in Ingolstadt, München, Chalkis (Griechenland) und Los Angeles (Chile) und legte im Anschluss das Zweite Juristische Staatsexamen ab.

With the vast majority of WTO Members being developing countries, their integration is perhaps the most critical issue for the future success of the multilateral trading system. The widespread perception among developing countries that multilateral rules do not effectively respond to their interests was a main driver for the launch of the Doha Development Round in 2001. However, while Members have repeatedly confirmed their commitment to development, progress in the round has been disappointing.
This study devises a reform proposal for special and differential treatment. Following an analysis of the current special and differential treatment provisions, the author shows that addressing differences among developing countries and specifying their needs are critical to any reform. This applies as much to the traditional market access agenda as to the area of WTO rules. Differentiation and graduation are core elements of any reform concept that aims to respond more effectively to the needs of developing countries.

1;Vorwort;6
2;Contents - Overview;8
3;Table of Contents;10
4;Abbreviations;24
5;Chapter 1: Introduction;26
6;Chapter 2: Trade and development;30
6.1;A. DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH;30
6.1.1;I. Development as a multidimensional concept;30
6.1.2;II. Classifications of developing countries and the worldwide amount of poverty;33
6.1.3;III. Growth in developing economies;35
6.1.4;IV. Sectoral development;40
6.2;B. OPENNESS;43
6.2.1;I. Openness as growth driver;44
6.2.2;II. The debate on openness and growth;48
6.2.3;III. Trade policy for developing countries;60
6.3;C. TRADE;66
6.4;D. MARKET;69
6.4.1;I. Tariffs;70
6.4.2;II. Support programs;72
6.4.3;III. Standards;73
6.5;E. SUMMARY;74
7;Chapter 3: The evolution of special and differential treatment;78
7.1;A. SPECIAL AND DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT UNDER THE GATT ;78
7.1.1;I. The first phase of special and differential treatment: development as a domestic matter;78
7.1.2;II. The second phase of special and differential treatment: nonreciprocity between developed and developing countries;80
7.2;B. SPECIAL AND DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT IN THE WTO;85
7.2.1;I. The third phase of special and differential treatment: reciprocity in the Uruguay Round;85
7.2.2;II. The fourth phase of special and differential treatment: the search for a new relationship between developed and developing countries in the Doha Round;94
7.3;C. CONCLUDING;104
8;Chapter 4: Trade in goods;108
8.1;A. THE GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE (GATT);108
8.1.1;I. Art. XVIII GATT: flexibility for developing countries;108
8.1.2;II. Part IV of the GATT: safeguarding the interests and increasing the trade opportunities of developing countries:;119
8.1.3;III. The Enabling Clause: preferential market access for developing countries;123
8.2;B. THE AGREEMENT ON AGRICULTURE (AOA);156
8.2.1;I. General rights and obligations;157
8.2.2;II. Special and differential treatment;159
8.2.3;III. Doha Round;161
8.3;C. THE AGREEMENT ON SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY MEASURES (SPS);163
8.3.1;I. General rights and obligations;163
8.3.2;II. Special and differential treatment;164
8.4;D. THE AGREEMENT ON TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE (TBT);169
8.4.1;I. General rights and obligations;169
8.4.2;II. Special and differential treatment;170
8.5;E. THE AGREEMENT ON IMPLEMENTATION OF ARTICLE VII OF THE GATT (AGREEMENT ON CUSTOMS VALUATION, CVA);173
8.6;F. THE AGREEMENT ON IMPORT-LICENSING PROCEDURES (ILP) ;175
8.7;G. THE AGREEMENT ON SUBSIDIES AND COUNTERVAILING MEASURES (SCM);175
8.7.1;I. General rights and obligations;176
8.7.2;II. Special and differential treatment;177
8.8;H. THE AGREEMENT ON IMPLEMENTATION OF ARTICLE VI OF THE GATT (ANTI-DUMPING AGREEMENT, ADA);180
8.8.1;I. General obligations;180
8.8.2;II. Special and differential treatment;181
8.9;I. THE AGREEMENT ON SAFEGUARDS (SA);182
8.9.1;I. General obligations;183
8.9.2;II. Special and differential treatment;183
8.10;J. THE AGREEMENT ON TRADE-RELATED INVESTMENT MEASURES (TRIMS);184
8.10.1;I. General obligations;184
8.10.2;II. Special and differential treatment;184
9;Chapter 5: Trade in services;186
9.1;A. OBLIGATIONS UNDER GATS;186
9.1.1;I. General obligations and disciplines;187
9.1.2;II. Specific commitments;188
9.1.3;III. The annexes and protocols to the agreement;189
9.2;B. SPECIAL AND DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT;189
10;Chapter 6: Protection of intellectual property;194
10.1;A. OBLIGATIONS UNDER TRIPS;194
10.1.1;I. General obligations and principles;194
10.1.2;II. Specific obligations regarding the availability of IPRs;196
10.2;B. SPECIAL AND DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT;198
11;Chapter 8: Reforming special and differential treatment;208
11.1;A. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS;208
11.1.1;I. Addressing differences among developing countries;208
11.1.2;II. Specifying developing country concerns;210
11.1.3;III. Limitations;212
11.1.4;IV. Next steps;215
11.2;B. MARKET ACCESS;216
11.2.1;I. Trade in goods;216
11.2.2;II. Trade in services;225
11.3;C. WTO RU

With the vast majority of WTO Members being developing countries, their integration is perhaps the most critical issue for the future success of the multilateral trading system. The widespread perception among developing countries that multilateral rules do not effectively respond to their interests was a main driver for the launch of the Doha Development Round in 2001. However, while Members have repeatedly confirmed their commitment to development, progress in the round has been disappointing.
This study devises a reform proposal for special and differential treatment. Following an analysis of the current special and differential treatment provisions, the author shows that addressing differences among developing countries and specifying their needs are critical to any reform. This applies as much to the traditional market access agenda as to the area of WTO rules. Differentiation and graduation are core elements of any reform concept that aims to respond more effectively to the needs of developing countries.