Muhammad Shafiq (PGD (PA), M.A.S. (HR), M.Sc. Ph.D.) completed his Doctor of Philosophy in Botany from University of Karachi, Pakistan and affiliated as freelance researcher. He has published more than fifty research papers in the field of plant ecology and environmental pollution in national and international scientific journals.

Air pollution in the cities can be attributed to incomplete combustion of fuel and use of badly and not properly maintained vehicles. Plants growing in such polluted environment or close to busy roads are found highly affected due to vehicular exhaust emission. The phenology, periodicity and productivity of plants growing close to the busy roads are highly affected. The problematic areas of toxic effects of hydrocarbon, oxides of nitrogen & sulfur, CO, particulate matter, heavy metals and specially lead and cadmium are highly toxic for normal growth of plants reported. The toxicity and tolerance to some heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, nickel and iron in plants are commonly reported by researchers. The accumulation and use of plant as a bioindicator of pollutant can help in understanding the current level of pollutants in the environment. n attempt has been made to Information embodied in this book can be helpful for people working for the betterment of the immediate environment.